Weimar Germany, Hungary, Zimbabwe, Venezuela — the details differ, the sequence rarely does: denial, then adjustment, then a collapse in confidence that moves faster than any household can respond to.
In every one of those episodes, the same categories survived: land, tools, businesses, and monetary metals. Savings accounts, bonds and pensions denominated in the failing unit did not.
The United States is not Weimar, and this is not a prediction. It is a record of what a currency unit can do to people who trusted it completely, and an argument for not trusting any single unit completely.
What to take from this chapter
- Confidence collapses faster than families can react.
- Ownership survives; claims denominated in the failing unit do not.
- Diversifying units of account is prudence, not pessimism.
Keep reading
Read the due-diligence and financial-risks FAQ before acting on anything in this chapter.

